Insect attachment on waxy plant surfaces: the effect of pad contamination by different waxes

• Elena V. Gorb and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 385–395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.35

• 0.3 and 1 μm rough surfaces, where the range of asperity dimensions corresponded to that of typical plant wax projections [1][14][15][16][17][18][19]. This great reduction in the adhesion force was explained by the strong decrease of the real contact area between the micro/nanorough surface profile

Suspension feeding in Copepoda (Crustacea) – a numerical model of setae acting in concert

• Alexander E. Filippov,
• Wencke Krings and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 603–615, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.50

• -time simulation run, analogous to the results in the previous figure at random initial configuration of the food particles and varied step-by-step adhesion force. It is obvious that the highest number of particles is eaten at intermediate adhesion. When the adhesion is too strong, the food particles

Bending and punching characteristics of aluminum sheets using the quasi-continuum method

• Man-Ping Chang,
• Shang-Jui Lin and
• Te-Hua Fang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1303–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.108

• the adhesion force increases with an increase of the contact area between the punch and the workpiece. However, when the debris crumple, the slip phenomenon appears [61]. Besides, comparing the three crystal orientation curves, O1 shows a more stable curve during the loading process, while the O2 and

Laser-processed antiadhesive bionic combs for handling nanofibers inspired by nanostructures on the legs of cribellate spiders

• Sebastian Lifka,
• Kristóf Harsányi,
• Erich Baumgartner,
• Lukas Pichler,
• Dariya Baiko,
• Karsten Wasmuth,
• Johannes Heitz,
• Marco Meyer,
• Anna-Christin Joel,
• Jörn Bonse and
• Werner Baumgartner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1268–1283, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.105

• cribellate spiders, we were able to define an upscaled surface nanostructure with reduced adhesion force towards technical electrospun fibers. The biomimetic surface can be produced on metals by means of ultrashort pulse laser processing of self-organized laser-induced periodic surface structures, so-called

Studies of probe tip materials by atomic force microscopy: a review

• Ke Xu and
• Yuzhe Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1256–1267, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.104

• 200 nm thickness eicosanoid crystals had low adhesion. The adhesion force of dopa to the nanostructured surfaces of 1, 3, and 5 μm height was lower than that of the nanostructured surfaces of 200 nm thickness of eicosanoid crystals, indicating that the nanostructured surfaces have strong resistance to

Temperature and chemical effects on the interfacial energy between a Ga–In–Sn eutectic liquid alloy and nanoscopic asperities

• Yujin Han,
• Pierre-Marie Thebault,
• Corentin Audes,
• Xuelin Wang,
• Haiwoong Park,
• Jian-Zhong Jiang and
• Arnaud Caron

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 817–827, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.72

• consisted of approaching a cantilever towards the sample surface at varying velocities dZ/dt = 0.1–25 µm/s (see Figure 1). We repeated force spectroscopy measurements at each approach/retraction velocity 15 times. We used the retraction part of the force–distance curves to determine the adhesion force Fad

• Ga–In–Sn melt, we determined the adhesion force between the eutectic Ga–In–Sn melt and AFM tips of the abovementioned chemistry as a function of the temperature and the pulling velocity. Figure 4 summarizes these results. We do not observe any clear tendency for the adhesion force regarding

• temperature or pulling velocity for all presented cases. However, by taking the average of all adhesion force values for each tip, we find the following mean values and associated standard deviations: = 6.46 ± 2.35 nN, = 7.77 ± 4.61 nN, and = 29.19 ± 9.71 nN. Adhesion of a gold tip on the eutectic Ga–In–Sn

Relationship between corrosion and nanoscale friction on a metallic glass

• Haoran Ma and
• Roland Bennewitz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 236–244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.18

• of the friction coefficient and the adhesion force on immersion time for inner and outer layers. The friction coefficient is calculated as the slope of a linear fit to the friction force versus normal load data (Figure 4). The adhesion force of the inner layer versus the AFM tip is determined as the

• and phosphate buffer and that the friction coefficient of the inner layer is similar after long immersion and after polarization in phosphate buffer. The adhesion force remains constant with increasing immersion time in phosphate buffer and is much smaller than after polarization (Figure 5b). The

• ) friction coefficient of the inner layer; (b) adhesion force of the inner layer; (c) friction coefficient of the outer layer. Data are obtained from linear fits in Figure 4 and error bars represent the errors in the fits. Data for corroded surfaces after polarization in phosphate buffer for 80 min at 1.0 V

Nanoscale friction and wear of a polymer coated with graphene

• Robin Vacher and
• Astrid S. de Wijn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 63–73, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.4

• adhesion. In this case, the load is small compared to the adhesion force at the edge of the tip. Since a bigger tip has a bigger circumference, it is exposed to a larger adhesion force and a larger total downward force. At higher loads, the smaller tip penetrates further, as it is exposed to larger

Cantilever signature of tip detachment during contact resonance AFM

• Devin Kalafut,
• Ryan Wagner,
• Maria Jose Cadena,
• Anil Bajaj and
• Arvind Raman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1286–1296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.96

• indentation model of Equation 3 are defined in conjunction with experimental observables. The adhesion force Fadh* and adhesion gap gadh are identified from the retraction force–distance curve taken just before vibration sweeps. While gadh is observed directly, Fadh requires multiplication with kcantilever

Modification of a SERS-active Ag surface to promote adsorption of charged analytes: effect of Cu²⁺ ions

• Bahdan V. Ranishenka,
• Andrei Yu. Panarin,
• Irina A. Chelnokova,
• Sergei N. Terekhov,
• Peter Mojzes and
• Vadim V. Shmanai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 902–912, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.67

• microscope in PeakForceQNM mode with recording the adhesion force maps and topographic images. SERS measurements were carried out by using a scanning probe Raman microscope “NanoFlex” (Solar LS, Belarus). The source of excitation at 488.0 nm was an argon ion laser (Melles Griot, USA). Excitation and

Bulk chemical composition contrast from attractive forces in AFM force spectroscopy

• Dorothee Silbernagl,
• Media Ghasem Zadeh Khorasani,
• Natalia Cano Murillo,
• Anna Maria Elert and
• Heinz Sturm

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 58–71, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.5

• used to identify the local chemical composition [31]. The attractive forces are acting on the AFM tip during the approach of the tip towards the sample surface (not to be confused with the adhesion force Fadh needed to separate the tip and the sample upon retraction). These attractive forces are highly

Application of contact-resonance AFM methods to polymer samples

• Sebastian Friedrich and
• Brunero Cappella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1714–1727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.154

• large variation of γ and even including the adhesion force, measured separately with force–distance curves, as an additional force, the sample stiffness ks is never proportional to In case of colloidal probes, the cross section of the cantilever is not uniform, the mass of the “tip” is not negligible

Wafer-level integration of self-aligned high aspect ratio silicon 3D structures using the MACE method with Au, Pd, Pt, Cu, and Ir

• Mathias Franz,
• Romy Junghans,
• Paul Schmitt,
• Adriana Szeghalmi and
• Stefan E. Schulz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1439–1449, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.128

• main etching mechanism remains the same. However, these structures stick together at the topmost point. The nanostructure bundles form during the drying process. This occurs when the capillary forces during drying are high enough to cluster neighbouring single Si wires, and the adhesion force of the

Nonclassical dynamic modeling of nano/microparticles during nanomanipulation processes

• Moharam Habibnejad Korayem,
• Ali Asghar Farid and
• Rouzbeh Nouhi Hefzabad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 147–166, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.13

• dynamics simulation and a multiscale approach, Korayem et al. investigated geometrical effects on the manipulation of carbon allotropes [24]. Ghattan Kashani et al. presented a new method to overcome the adhesion force between the tip and nanoparticle while releasing the nanoparticle. They created the

The importance of design in nanoarchitectonics: multifractality in MACE silicon nanowires

• Stefania Carapezzi and
• Anna Cavallini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2094–2102, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.204

• adhesion force between the surfaces of the two NWs is larger than the elastic force. In order to theoretically confirm the self-assembly that occurred in both samples SiNW1 and SiNW2, we availed of literature [29][31] to model steps 1) and 2). Given a pillar-like structure of height h, clamped at one end

Development of a new hybrid approach combining AFM and SEM for the nanoparticle dimensional metrology

• Loïc Crouzier,
• Alexandra Delvallée,
• Sébastien Ducourtieux,
• Laurent Devoille,
• Guillaume Noircler,
• Christian Ulysse,
• Olivier Taché,
• Elodie Barruet,
• Christophe Tromas and
• Nicolas Feltin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1523–1536, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.150

• deformation of spherical bodies by including adhesion forces to the Hertz contact equation. This interaction can be described by the Bradley theory [34]: with P the adhesion force and Δγ = γ1 + γ2 − γ12 the work of adhesion with γ1 and γ2, the surface energies of NP and substrate, respectively, and γ12 the

Nanoscale spatial mapping of mechanical properties through dynamic atomic force microscopy

• Zahra Abooalizadeh,
• Leszek Josef Sudak and
• Philip Egberts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1332–1347, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.132

In situ characterization of nanoscale contaminations adsorbed in air using atomic force microscopy

• Jesús S. Lacasa,
• Lisa Almonte and
• Jaime Colchero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2925–2935, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.271

• sides of the tip may be huge if two plane sides of the probe-tip and the sample-tip interact together. In a sense, such a tip-probe versus tip-sample system has an infinite effective radius R resulting in a huge adhesion force (Fadh = 4πR·γ·cos(φ), with γ being the surface energy of water and φ being

The effect of flexible joint-like elements on the adhesive performance of nature-inspired bent mushroom-like fibers

• Elliot Geikowsky,
• Serdar Gorumlu and
• Burak Aksak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2893–2905, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.268

• releasing and gripping directions. For each test a mean and standard deviation of parallel and normal forces are calculated. This result is in line with Coulomb friction [34]. In the gripping direction, where adhesion force is observed, they found that there is a relationship between adhesion (normal force

• between preload Fp and adhesion force , and shear force such that As shown in Figure 8b, when this ratio is plotted against preload, an approximately constant relationship is revealed for the soft and very soft joint fibers for all the preloads, and for the stiff joint fibers until there is loss in both

Characterization of the microscopic tribological properties of sandfish (Scincus scincus) scales by atomic force microscopy

• Weibin Wu,
• Christian Lutz,
• Simon Mersch,
• Richard Thelen,
• Christian Greiner,
• Guillaume Gomard and
• Hendrik Hölscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2618–2627, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.243

• controlled temperature (21–23 °C) and humidity (50–70%). All AFM experiments were conducted with a Dimension Icon AFM (Veeco Inc., USA). The topography of the samples was measured in tapping mode while adhesion force, friction, and wear analysis were conducted in contact mode. No extra treatment was applied

• unusually high compared to other reptiles or insects and do not suggest low surface energy or low adhesion. We, therefore, examined the adhesion of sandfish scales in more detail. Adhesion properties Several different types of AFM probes were utilised to measure the adhesion force on dorsal scales. Figure

• tip and sample come into contact. After that the force increases linearly. During retraction the force decreases in a linear way before the tip is pulled off. This distinguished negative peak corresponds to the adhesion force Fad marked in all graphs in Figure 4a. The adhesion peak for the sharp

Adhesive contact of rough brushes

• Qiang Li and
• Valentin L. Popov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2405–2412, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.225

• reference force to compare with is the adhesion force of a complete flat-ended square indenter with the size L × L. In [19], it was argued analytically and confirmed numerically that it can be well-approximated with Kendall’s equations for a cylindrical stamp [20]: where E* = E / (1 − ν2) is the effective

• regions, the dependence of the adhesion force on the applied force can be written in the form With an increasing roughness, the slope of the linear part of dependence (in region I) becomes smaller and the maximum achievable force of adhesion (value at the plateau) decreases and finally vanishes completely

• factors 0.1 and 0.3 are fitted by the same curve). The second important adhesion property of the brush is the maximum adhesion force at the plateau. The dependence of the maximum adhesion force on the normalized roughness is shown in Figure 5b. It also decreases with increasing l / dcrit and practically

Nanoscale characterization of the temporary adhesive of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus

• Ana S. Viana and
• Romana Santos

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2277–2286, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.212

• the topographical image that is then used by the QNM software to calculate an adhesion map. The obtained maps (Figure 5b,d) show that the adhesion force (i.e., the maximum forced needed to pull off the probe from the adhesive) is higher when the adhesive is analysed in air (in the range of 30 nN

Scanning speed phenomenon in contact-resonance atomic force microscopy

• Christopher C. Glover,
• Jason P. Killgore and
• Ryan C. Tung

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 945–952, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.87

• the lack of formation of a thin water layer on the surfaces of the samples at low humidity. Figure 6 shows the recorded contact-resonance frequencies on mica under low- and high-humidity conditions. Figure 7 shows the measured adhesion force as a function of the relative humidity for different RH

• values for both mica and HOPG. On the hydrophilic mica sample, a distinct increase of measured adhesion forces is apparent with increasing relative humidity. This suggests the growth of the thin water film on mica with increasing relative humidity. The observed behavior of the adhesion force for

• functions of the dynamic scan speed on a mica surface at 100 nN force set-point and 5% and 70% relative humidity. No scan speed-related phenomena are observed. Error bars represent one standard deviation from the mean. Average measured adhesion force on mica and HOPG samples at various values of relative

Nanoscale mapping of dielectric properties based on surface adhesion force measurements

• Ying Wang,
• Yue Shen,
• Xingya Wang,
• Zhiwei Shen,
• Bin Li,
• Jun Hu and
• Yi Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 900–906, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.84

• electric field [33]. At the nanometre scale, EW has also been observed to modify the adhesion force [35][36][37]. The adhesion force between an AFM tip with radius R and a flat surface with liquid absorbed on it can be expressed as [35][36][37][38]: where V is the voltage applied on the AFM tip, γ is the

• liquid interfacial tension, θ0 is the contact angle at zero external voltage, and d, εr and ε0 are the thickness, relative permittivity of the dielectric layer, and the absolute dielectric permittivity of vacuum, respectively. Hence, the adhesion force between the AFM tip and the sample is affected by

• both of the wetting and dielectric properties of the sample. Based on this principle, a quantitative analysis on the dielectric constant of macroscopic film has been realized by measuring the surface–water contact angle and adhesion force between the dielectric layer and a biased AFM tip [38]. Recently

Tuning adhesion forces between functionalized gold colloidal nanoparticles and silicon AFM tips: role of ligands and capillary forces

• Sven Oras,
• Sergei Vlassov,
• Marta Berholts,
• Rünno Lõhmus and
• Karine Mougin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 660–670, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.61

• in a PeakForce QNM Mode. Figure 2 displays AFM images of Au NPs topography and adhesion along with typical force–distance curves for Au NPs and Si substrate. Results show that adhesion force values are highly modulated by the nature of the tail group of the NPs thin coating as well as the NPs

• meniscus and Fadh = Fss. From a certain threshold humidity a single meniscus forms giving rise to a larger but constant adhesion force. Although AFM tip in our experiments constantly moves relative to Au NPs, the velocities of the tip are not high enough to completely exclude the formation of capillary

• evaluation of the adhesion force average value to avoid any tip artefact measurements. A statistical evaluation on a minimum of 5 different particles has been achieved. As a first step, a larger area of 3 × 3 µm was mapped to locate the Au NPs. Then, a smaller area containing a few particles of interest was